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        <a href="." >Installing a GNU/Linux VM</a>
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                                <p>PA0 is a guide to GNU/Linux development environment configuration. You are guided to install a GNU/Linux development environment. All PAs and Labs are done in this environment. <font color="red">If you are new to GNU/Linux, and you encounter some troubles during the configuration, which are not mentioned in this lecture note (such as &quot;No such file or directory&quot;), that is your fault.</font> Go back to read this lecture note carefully. <font color="red">Remember, the machine is always right!</font></p>
<p>If you already have one copy of GNU/Linux, and you want to use your copy as the development environment, just use it! But if you encounter some troubles because of different GNU/Linux distribution or different version of the same distribution, please search the Internet for trouble-shooting.</p>
<h2 id="installing-docker">Installing Docker</h2>
<p><a href="https://www.docker.com" target="_blank">Docker</a> is an implementation of the lightweight virtualization technology. Virtual machines built by this technology is called &quot;container&quot;. By using Docker, it is very easy to deploy GNU/Linux applications.</p>
<p>Download Docker-Toolbox from <a href="https://www.docker.com/products/docker-toolbox" target="_blank">this</a> website according to your host operating system, then install Docker with default settings. Note that if your host is GNU/Linux, you can install Docker by</p>
<pre><code>apt-get install docker-engine
</code></pre><p>in Ubuntu or Debian. Different distribution uses different package tools. Please search the Internet for more information. Refer to <a href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/ubuntulinux/" target="_blank">Docker online Document</a> for more information about installing Docker on GNU/Linux.</p>
<h2 id="preparing-dockerfile">Preparing Dockerfile</h2>
<p><code>Dockerfile</code> is the configuration file used to build a Docker image. Now we are going to prepare a Dockerfile with proper content by using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_terminal#Text_terminals" target="_blank">terminal</a> working environment.</p>
<ul>
<li>If your host is GNU/Linux, you can use the default terminal in the system.</li>
<li>If your host is Windows or Mac, open <code>Docker Quickstart Terminal</code>. You can find it on the desktop or in the Start Menu. If it is opened for the first time, it will perform a series of operations for initialization. After the initialization, the terminal will output a success message like<pre><code>docker is configured to use the defualt machine with IP 192.168.99.100
</code></pre>Remember this IP address, since you will use it later. At the end, you will see the following prompt:<pre><code>$ _
</code></pre></li>
</ul>
<p>Type the following commands after the prompt, one command per line. Every command is issued by pressing the <code>Enter</code> key. The contents after a <code>#</code> is the comment about the command, and you do not need to type the comment.</p>
<pre><code>mkdir mydocker     # create a directory with name &quot;mydocker&quot;
cd mydocker        # enter this directory
touch Dockerfile   # create an empty file with name &quot;Dockerfile&quot;, make sure the &quot;D&quot; is capital
</code></pre><p>Now use the text editor in the host to open <code>Dockerfile</code>.</p>
<ul>
<li>Windows: Type command <code>notepad Dockerfile&amp;</code> to open Notepad.</li>
<li>MacOS: Type command <code>open -e Dockerfile</code> to open TextEdit.</li>
<li>GNU/Linux: Use your favourite editor to open Dockerfile.</li>
</ul>
<p>Now copy the following contents into Dockerfile:</p>
<pre><code> # setting base image
FROM 32bit/debian

 # setting source list
RUN echo &quot;deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ jessie main non-free contrib&quot; &gt; /etc/apt/sources.list

 # installing tool `gosu`
ENV GOSU_VERSION 1.7
RUN set -x \
    &amp;&amp; apt-get update &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends ca-certificates wget \
    &amp;&amp; wget -O /usr/local/bin/gosu &quot;https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/$GOSU_VERSION/gosu-$(dpkg --print-architecture)&quot; \
    &amp;&amp; wget -O /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc &quot;https://github.com/tianon/gosu/releases/download/$GOSU_VERSION/gosu-$(dpkg --print-architecture).asc&quot; \
    &amp;&amp; export GNUPGHOME=&quot;$(mktemp -d)&quot; \
    &amp;&amp; gpg --keyserver ha.pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys B42F6819007F00F88E364FD4036A9C25BF357DD4 \
    &amp;&amp; gpg --batch --verify /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc /usr/local/bin/gosu \
    &amp;&amp; rm -r &quot;$GNUPGHOME&quot; /usr/local/bin/gosu.asc \
    &amp;&amp; chmod +sx /usr/local/bin/gosu \
    &amp;&amp; gosu nobody true

 # installing ssh server
RUN apt-get install -y openssh-server
 # defining a variable
ARG username=ics
ARG userpasswd=ics

 # adding user
RUN useradd -ms /bin/bash $username &amp;&amp; (echo $username:$userpasswd | chpasswd)

 # setting login user
USER $username
WORKDIR /home/$username

 # setting `sudo` as an alias of `gosu`
RUN echo &quot;alias sudo=&apos;gosu root&apos;&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc

 # add search path to use `dpkg`
RUN echo &quot;export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin&quot; &gt;&gt; ~/.bashrc

 # setting running application
CMD gosu root /usr/sbin/sshd -D
</code></pre><p>We choose the <a href="http://www.debian.org" target="_blank">Debian</a> distribution as the base image, since it can be quite small. Using 32bit system is to keep consistency with the textbook. Save the file and exit the editor.</p>
<h2 id="building-docker-image">Building Docker image</h2>
<p>Go back to the <code>Docker Quickstart Terminal</code> and keep the Internet conntected. Type the following command to build our image:</p>
<pre><code># replace `jack` and `123456` with a username and password you prefer
docker build -t ics-image --build-arg username=jack --build-arg userpasswd=123456 .
</code></pre><p>This command will build an image with a tag <code>ics-image</code>, using the Dockerfile in the current directory(mydocker), while overwriting the variable <code>username</code> in Dockerfile. The <code>username</code> will be use in the container. Replace <code>jack</code> and <code>123456</code> in the above command with a username and password you prefer. In particular, if your host is GNU/Linux, all Docker commands should be executed with root privilege. If it is the first time you run this command, Docker will pull the base image <code>32bit/debian</code> from <a href="https://hub.docker.com/" target="_blank">Docker Hub</a>. This will cost several minutes to finish.</p>
<p>After the command above finished, type the following command to show Docker images:</p>
<pre><code>docker images
</code></pre><p>This command will show information about all Docker images.</p>
<pre><code>REPOSITORY           TAG          IMAGE ID          CREATED             SIZE
ics-image            latest       7d9495d03763      4 minutes ago       475.7 MB
32bit/debian         latest       fb434121fc77      4 hours ago         272 MB
</code></pre><p>If you see a repository with name <code>ics-image</code>, you are done with building image.</p>
<p>Now we can remove the directory mentioned above.</p>
<pre><code>cd ..           # go back to the parent directory
rm -r mydocker  # remove the `mydocker` directory
</code></pre><h2 id="creating-debian-container">Creating Debian container</h2>
<p>After building the image, now we can create a container. Type the following command:</p>
<pre><code>docker create -it --name=ics-vm -p 20022:22 ics-image
</code></pre><p>This command will create a container with the following property:</p>
<ul>
<li>the name of the container is <code>ics-vm</code></li>
<li>the Docker image is <code>ics-image</code>, which we just built</li>
<li>the default SSH port (<code>22</code>) in the container is bound to port <code>20022</code> in the docker host</li>
<li>it is allocated with a pseudo-TTY</li>
<li>it is interactive</li>
</ul>
<p>If the above command fails because a container with the same name already exists, type the following command to remove the existing container:</p>
<pre><code>docker rm ics-vm
</code></pre><p>Then create the container again.</p>
<p>To see whether the container is created successfully, type the following command to show containers:</p>
<pre><code>docker ps -a
</code></pre><p>This command will show information about all Docker containers. If you see a container with name <code>ics-vm</code>, you are done with creating container.</p>
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